Six themes emerged from studies that explored perceptions of compassionate care: nature of compassion, development of compassion, interpersonal factors related to compassion, action and practical compassion, barriers and enablers of compassion, and outcomes of compassion. Less than one third of studies included patients. Of 36,637 records, 648 studies were retrieved and 44 studies were included in the review. A narrative approach to synthesizing and mapping the literature was used. Following the title and abstract review, two reviewers independently screened full-texts articles, and extracted study data. Eligible studies explored perceptions or interventions of compassionate care in clinical populations, healthcare professionals, and healthcare students. Searches of eight electronic databases and the grey literature were conducted to identify empirical studies published over the last 25 years. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature on compassion in clinical healthcare. Compassionate care is expected by patients and is a professional obligation of clinicians however, little is known about the state of research on clinical compassion. Recent concerns about suboptimal patient care and a lack of compassion have prompted policymakers to question the preparedness of clinicians for the challenging environment in which they practice.
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